Unit 2 Compendium Review #2

Outline:

1. Digestion

mechanical

chemical

movement

absorption

elimination

2. Nutrition and Diet

obesity

classes of nutrients

3. Diabetes

symtoms

how to take care of

Digestion:

Digestion can be mechanical or chemical. Mechanical digestion occurs when food is divided into pieces that can be acted on by digestive enzymes. Mechanical digestion occurs primarily in the mouth and stomach. Chemical digestion begins in the mouth and is not completed until food reaches the small intestine. I once heard that digestion starts as soon as you swallow your your first bite. It makes sense though.

Movement is very important in the digestive system. Food must be passed along from one organ to the next and indigestible remains must be expelled. Movement is a big part because you have to get to the next step in order to move on.

Absorption occurs as unit molecules produced by digestion cross the wall of the GI tract and enter the cells lining the tract. Then the nutrients enter the blood for delivery to the cells.

Elimination we all do and if we couldn't we would be in some trouble. It is when molecules that cannot be digested need to be eliminated from the body and they leave through the anus in the form of feces. Better known as "going to the bathroom".

So, basically in digestion it goes like this: We put food into our mouth and chew it up with our teeth and tongue.Then, we swallow and the tongue pushes a bolus of food up against the soft palate. Then, the soft palate closes off the nasal cavities and the epiglottis closes off the larynx so the bolus of food enters the esophagus. Then, food moves through a sphincter into the stomach. The stomach stores food, initiates the digestion of protein, and controls the movement of chyme into the small intestine.

Nutrition and Diet:

Obesity is being grossly overweight and has doubled in the United States in only 20 years. It is really on the rise throught the world. In my opinion it is very easy to become obese because of all the fast food places in the world. I don't think anybody cooks good homecooked meals anymore. It is more convient to pick up something on the way home from work or school. Obesity is defined as a body mass index of 32 or greater. You can calculate your body mass index as long as you already know your weight and height.

Classes of Nutrients:

Nutrients provide us with energy, growth and development, and regulate metabolism. Some nutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, calcium, sodium and vitamins. Plants are a good source of carbohydrates. Beans are a good source of proteins. Calcium is needed for construction of bones and teeth and for nerve conduction and muscle contraction. Sodium is major in regulating the body's water balance. Vitamins are what the body uses for metabolic purposes. Vitamins C, E, and A are believed to defend the body against free radicals. These vitamins are abundant in fruits and vegetables.

Diabetes:

Diabetes is a progressive autoimmune disease in which the beta cells that produce insulin are destroyed by the body's own immune system. The symptoms of diabetes are frequent urination, unusual thirst, extreme fatigue, blurred vision, and nausea and vomiting. The treatment for diabetes is Insulin for the control of blood glucose levels in diabetes. Diabetes is a very common problem for a lot of people. Some people can regulate it with diet and exercise. Others have to have insulin.

Unit 2 Compendium Review

Outline:

1. Types of blood vessels

arteries

capillaries

veins

2. cardiovascular system

pulse

blood pressure

3. Blood Types

type a

type b

type ab

type o

4. Microbes and Immunity

microbes

bacteria

viruses

5. Aids

first recognized

how it is transmitted

Types of Blood Vessels

Arteries: The arterial wall has three layers. The innermost layer is a thin layer of cells called endothelium, the middle layer is a relatively thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissueand the outer layer is connective tissue. The elastic tissue allows an artery to expand to absorb pressure. Kinda like a balloon when you blow air into it and it expands. When an artery gets clogged it is not a good thing.

Capillaries: Capillaries are extremely narrow microscopic tube with a wall composed only of endothelium with a basement membrane. Their total surface area in humans is about 6,300 square meters. In tissues only certain capillaries are open at any given time.

Veins: The walls of venules have the same three layers as arteries but there is less smooth muscle in the middle layer and less connective tissue in the outer layer. Veins often have valves which allow blood to flow only toward the heart when open and prevent the backward flow of blood when closed.

Cardiovascular System

Pulse: You can feel your pulse by placing your first two fingers on the radial artery which is near the outer border of the palm side of your wrist. The pulse rate is usually 70 beats per minute but it can vary between 60 and 80 beats per minute.

Blood Pressure: Taking blood pressure isn't as easy as it looks. It takes a lot of practice and you have to have good ears also. Blood pressure is the pressure of blood against the wall of a blood vessel. A blood pressure cuff is used to take blood pressure. The highest arterial pressure called the systolic pressure is reached during ejection of blood from the heart. The lowest arterial pressure called the diastolic pressure occurs while the heart ventricles are relaxing. Normal blood pressure for a young adult is 120/80.

Blood Types

Type A Blood- Type A surface antigens; plasma has anti-B antibodies.

Type B Blood- Type B surface antigens; plasma has anti-A antibodies.

Type AB Blood- Both type A and B surface antigens; plasma has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.(universal recipient)

Type O- Neither type A nor type B surface antigens; plasma has both anti-A and anti-B antigens.(universal donor)

Microbes:

Microbes are widely distributed in the environment. They cover inanimate objects and the surfaces of plants and animals; they are on and within our bodies. Microbes perform valuable services, but they also cause diseases. Human infectious diseases are typically caused by bacteria and viruses, collectively called pathogens. The body has three lines of defense against invasion: barriers to entry, such as the skin and mucousmembranes of body cavities, act to prevent pathogens from gaining entrance into the body. First responders, such as the phagocytic white blood cells, act to prevent an infection after an invasion has occurred. Specific defenses overcome an infection by killing the particular disease-causing agent that has entered the body. Specific defenses also protect us against cancer.

Bacteria:

Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotes and they don't have a nucleus. They have three common shapes- a bacillus has a rod shape, a coccus has a spherical shape and a spirillum is curved. Bacteria have a cell wall that contains a unique amino-disaccharide. The cillin antibiotics interfere with thr production of the cell wall. The cell wall of some bacteria is surrounded by a capsule that has a thick gummy consistency. Capsules often allow bacteria to stick to surfacessuch as teeth. They also prevent phagocytic white blood cells from taking them up and destroying them.Bacteria are independent cells that are metabolically competent. Their DNA is packaged in a chromosome that occupies the center of the cell.

Viruses:

Viruses bridge the gap between the living and the nonliving. Outside a host viruses are essentially chemicals that can be stored on a shelf. But when the opportunity arises viruses replicate inside cells and during this period of time they clearly appear to be alive. Viruses are acellular not composed of cells. They are obligate parasites and they do not live independently. Viruses cause disease such as colds, flu, measles, chicken pox, polio, rabies,AIDS, genital warts, and genital herpes. A virus always has two parts- an outer capsid composed of protein units and an inner core of nucleic acid. A virus carries the genetic information needed to reproduce itself.

AIDS:

First recognized as a disease in 1981. It was known to have orginated from chimpanzees. Transmission from chimps to humans probably occured while animals were butchered for food in sub-Suharan Africa with animal blood contaminating wounds of humans. HIV is transimmited through sexual activity enters the bloodstream via mucous membranes lining the vagina, rectum, and mouth. Once HIV has entered the body the immune system initiates anti HIV antibody and cytotoxic T cell production. It can take 6 months for an individual exposed to HIV to produce measurable quantities of antibody. The immune response is weakened as memory T cells are destroyed.

HIV is not transmitted through kissing, hugging, or being in the same room with someone else who has HIV. It has to be blood to blood or sexual intercourse. Today AIDS isn't as big of a deal as TB is. Although people who have bee exposed should be checked for 6 months after the insident.

This is what I ate for a whole day. For breakfast I had a cup of coffee and
a bowl of cinnamon toast crunch cereal, for lunch I ate a cheese quesadilla,
for dinner I ate a taco salad with salsa and drank a sprite. After dinner I had
an ice cream sundae. I think this is a good diet because it is not junk food. Most
of it is healthy. I would not change anything about this day's eating. I could of
done without the ice cream sundae after dinner but it was really good. I don't
really find this nutritional tracking helpful because I eat whatever I want whenever
I want. It would be good for people who are trying to lose weight or trying to
eat really healthy but I am not like that. If it looks good I just eat it!!!

working cell

Here is a picture of the Lysosome, Mitochondrion, Nucleus, Smooth
and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

These are the products I used to make my animal cell.

Green Beans, cereal, paper clips, pretzels, pasta, and a peach.

Another picture of the finished animal cell.

Here is a picture of me adding the Lysosomes.

Lysosomes are vesicle that digests macromolecules and

even cell parts.

Here is a picture of the Lysosomes and the Mitochondrion added.

The Mitochondrion is organelle that carries out cellular respiration,

prouducing ATP molecules.

Here is a picture of the completed animal cell. It has the cell membrane,

Cytoplasm, Lysosome, Centriole, Golgi apparatus, Nucleus, Rough

endoplasmic reticulum, Ribosome, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and

the Mitochondrion.

My animal cell was made out of a cantalope. Every part has a certain

function. The Centrioles are short cylinders of microtubules of unknown

function. Lysosomes is vesicle that digests macromolecules and even

cell parts. Cytoplasm is semifluid matrix outside necleus that contains

organelles. Golgi apparatus processes, packages, and secretes modified

cell products. Mitochondrion is organelle that carries out cellular

respiration producing, ATP molecules. Ribosomes are particles that

carry out protein synthesis. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks

ribosomes, synthesizes lipid molecules. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

studded with ribosomes. Nucleus envelope id double membrane with

nuclear pores that encloses nucleus. Nucleolus is the region that produces

subunits of ribosomes. Chromatin duffuse threads containing DNA and

protein. A cell is the basic unit of life. All living things are made up of cells.

Nothing smaller than a cell is alive.

Cell Structure (Compendium Review continued)

Cell structure is bacteria that causes human
disease but we really could not live without it.
Every living thing needs a certain amount of
bacteria to survive. They come in many different
shapes and sizes.
www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg

Compendium Review #1 (continued)

There are different types of tissues and they each serve a different purpose.
Nervous tissue is the tissue that lets us feel things like a burn.
There are many types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth and cardiac.
Of course cardiac muscles must be only in the heart because cardiac
means heart. Skeletal muscles help hold your bones in place.
Epithelial tissue istissue that covers body surface and lines body cavities.

Compendium Review # 1

All living organisms pass information from one generation to the next with genetic

material. There are 4 different types of DNA: adenine, cytosine, thymine, and

guanine. Living things can have the same DNA but look completely different.

Look in the pictures above how they are seperate at first but then they end up all

bunched up together.

Compendium Review # 1

Punnetts Square

genotype- is the specific genetic makeup of an individual, in the form of DNA.
phenotype- what an organism looks like as a consequence of it's genotype. Two
organisms with the same phenotype can have different genotypes.
dominant- a genetic trait is considered dominant if it is expressed in a person who
has only one copy of that gene.
recessive- of genes: producing it's characteristic phenotype only when its allele
is identical.
allele- one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on
homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits. Some
alleles are dominate over others.

Dragon Genetics

Microccope Simulator

Stage- A platform on the microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination.
It is in the middle of the microscope and it is very flat. You adjust it by moving the
knob up or down. It is best adjusted while looking in the microscope.

Focus knobs- are used to focus the microscope. They are the knobs in the middle, but
on the side. They are best adjusted while looking into the microscope. You just turn.

Iris- controls the amount of light reaching the specimen. It is located above the
condenser and below the stage. It is used by sliding it either right or left and is
best adjusted looking into the microscope.

Oculars- what you look through at the top of the microscope. There is two, one for
each eye. You slide it left or right and put it on the number that looks right as you are
looking throught the microscope.

Objectives- are the primary optical lenses on a microscope. They range from 4x-100x
and typically, include three, four or five on lens on most microscopes. To adjust you
just turn them around. They are best adjusted while looking at the microscope.

The picture at the top is of an onion root at 40x.

Tierza Ventura

My name is Tierza Ventura
I am not really sure on my section number
My favorite artist is Gwen Stafani.
I am taking this class to get into the Nursing program.
I hope that during this class I learn many different things that I didn't know before.
Three interesting things about myself are:
I live in Bagdad, Arizona.
I have two wonderful children whose ages are 6 and 8.
I have been married to my awesome husband Mark for 9 years.