Demographic Lab for Unit 4

This is the world on the top and Iraq on the bottom. (higher fertility rate)

This is the world on the top and Brazil on the bottom. (lower fertility rate)

1. My high fertility rate country was Iraq and it's fertility rate was 7.00.

2. My low fertility rate country was Brazil and it's fertility rate was 3.00.

3. The high fertility rate results in a high percentage of young people in the population because in some countries men marry more than one woman and have children with them all. Also, because young people are having children at younger ages these days. The future population growth is going to rise a lot. It is rare these days to find people who just have 1 child.

4. Low fertility rate leads to lots of middle-aged people because when they get to a certain age people stop having children and it is usually just the younger people who are having children.

5. I think life with older people would be slower, they would drive slow, it would be quiet, older people are usually grumpy, there would be a lot of sicknesses, and they would just be sitting at home. I think life with children would be loud, there would be crazy drivers, there would be a lot of child fights, they would have good health, and a lot more parties to go to.

Unit 4 lab project

Scientific Name: cardinalis
Common Name: Northern Cardinal
Interaction: we feed cardinals with bird feeders
thet are not really bothered or hunted

Scientific Name: Monomorium minimum
Common Name: black ant
Interaction: ants benifit from eating humans food crumbs


Scientific Name: Pyrus Malus
Common Name: apple tree
Interaction: we benefit from its food the fruit. mutualism

it is domesticated because it is used for food production.

Scientific Name: Carya illinoinensis
common name: pecan tree
Interaction: we benefit from its pecans that we eat. mutualism
it is domesticated because it is used for food production




Scientific name: Lycopersicon esculentus
common name: tomatoe
Interaction: people use tomatoes for food. mutualism

it is domesticated because it is used for food production.

Scientific name:
common name: rosebush
Interaction: we like to look and smell roses. they don't feed humans but they do help bees.
commensal






Scientific name: Vitis vinifera
common name: grapes
Interaction: people use grapes for food. mutualism
it is domesticated because it is used for food production.





Scientific name: Cynodon dactylon
common name: bermuda grass
Interaction: People grow grass to make their lawns look good and people also interact with grass whether it is laying in the grass or walking bare feet through it.
I think this could be commensal because some animals eat grass for food.







Scientific name: Pinus
common name: pine tree
Interaction: people benefit from pine trees for shade.they are commensal because they provide homes for small animals.









Scientific name: Canis famuahuiliaris
common name: chihuahua
Interaction: I interact with my dog every day. She is my buddy. She keeps me company. I think this is a domesticated species. People interact with their dogs everyday.










Scientific name: Selasphorus Platycercus
common name: hummingbird
Interaction: people feed hummingbirds from bird feeders.

they don't really bother humans and are not hunted for food.

Scientific name: Periplaneta fuliginosa
common name: coackroach
Interaction: we don't benefit from roaches at all. They are gross and annoying. I am not sure what they eat.











Scientific name: Nuphar advena
common name: cowlily
Interaction: fish benefit from the cowlily because they hide under them from birds. commensal













Scientific name: Crotaphytus vestigium
common name: collard lizard
Interaction: people benefit from lizards for pets. lizards benefit from eating small insects for food. domesticated















Scientific name: Citrullus lanatus
common name: watermelon
Interaction: people use watermelon for food. mutualism

it is domesticated because it is used as food production.

Scientific name: Lophortyx Gambelii Gambel
common name: quail
Interaction: quail benefit humans because they are hunted for food. mutualism

i think they are domesticated because thry are hunted for food.

















Scientific name:
common name: house cat
Interaction: people interact with their housecats everyday as pets. They keep people company and are very loveable.
Domesticated

Online Lab for Unit 4 (fetal development)

It is so amazing how it starts off as basicly nothing and ends up as a little 7 or 8 or sometimes 9 pound human being. Having a baby is truly a miracle.

40 weeks- The average baby is 19 in. long and weighs nearly 7 pounds now. That is so amazing how a 7 or 8 pound baby can fit inside a woman. There is hardly no room in there for them to move around. That is amazing how they fit all wrapped up in there.

34 weeks- The baby weighs 43/4 pounds and is putting on layers of fat. The lungs are well developed which is amazing because it is not quite 9 months yet so if it is born here it will be ok.

30 weeks- The baby is now 3 pounds and 15 inches long. The baby opens ans closes it's eyes and can also follow light which I think is pretty significant.

25 weeks- The baby weighs a pound and a half. They have wrinkled skin that is starting to smooth out and the baby is putting on baby fat. I think this is significant because 6 months seems like a long time but the baby only weighs a pound and a half.

21 weeks- The babies eyebrows and eyelids are now in place. The baby is 10 inches long if stretched out. I think this is significant because at only 5 months they already have full eyebrows.

17 weeks- The baby is now 5 inches long and weighs 5 ounces. The skeleton is starting to harden from rubbery cartilage to bone. I think this is significant because at this time you get to have an ultrasound to find out the sex of your baby. Ultrasounds are awesome to see.

13 weeks- the baby is 3 inches long and weighs nearly an ounce. There is tiny, unique, fingerprints in place now. I think this is significant because it really looks like a human being it is just so small.

8 weeks- the baby is the size of a kidney bean and is constantly moving. The baby has distinct and slightly webbed fingers. I think this is significant because the baby is moving all the time , but the mother cannot feel any movement because the baby is so small.

4 weeks- at this time the baby is an embryo consisting of two layers of cells from which all the organs and body parts develop. This is significant because it is so very little, but it is a human being which doesn't look like one at all.

Self and Unit Evaluation for Unit 4

1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?
I am most proud of the doing the 60 point projects because I am not a very crafty person and having to build things and be creative is kind of interesting and fun. It made me really have to think about what I was doing. The other thing I liked doing were the online labs because it is amazing that labs can be done on the computer and they were also very fun. The quizzes were fun and I scored ok on them also.

2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement?
I think I could of put a little more into my compendium reviews. I also think I could of done a little better on the Ethical issues. Those two assignments were my least favorite.

3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit?
I think my grade for this unit should be a good grade because all of these units were a lot of information and a lot of work. They made me really think and also be crafty.

4. How could I perform better in the next unit?
This is the last unit for this class but I could of not waited until the last minute to start my work and I could of put a little more time into all my assignments.


1. At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course?
I liked the pregnancy and birth part the best because I had two kids of my own so I could relate to that part. It was easy to understand because I went through it myself, twice.

2. At what moment in the unit did you feel most distanced from the course?
I really didn't like the population part because it is hard for me to imagine that there is millions of people out there because I have never even been out of the state of Arizona.

3. What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit that you found most affirming and helpful?
I think the teacher was very helpful not just in this unit, but in all the units. Whenever I had a question he always answered them in a timely manner.

4. What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit that you found most puzzling or confusing?
I really didn't find anything that anyone did to be confusing or puzzling. Everything was very well explained.

5. What about this unit surprised you the most?
Nothing really surprised me about this unit but I did find everything to be very interesting.

Unit 3 leech lab

This is a picture of the cell.

This is a picture of the electrode finding a cell to study.

1. What is the electrode measuring?

The electrode is measuring the voltage of individual neurons.

2. Why use leeches in neurophysiology experiments?

The leech has 21 segmental ganglia each containing 175 pairs of neurons.

The relatively small number and the large size of the neurons have

made leeches favorite subjects of neurobiologists.

3. What is the difference between a sensory and a motor neuron?

A motor neuron is a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses away

from the central nervous system and innervates effectors.

A sensory neuron is a nerve cell that transmits nerve impulses to the

central nervous system after a sensory receptor has been stimulated.

4. Do you think a leech experiences pain? What is pain?

Yes, I think a leech experiences pain because they have a brain

and a nerve cord. Anything with a nerve cord probablly feels pain.

Pain is a sensation that hurts. It may cause discomfort, distress, or

agony.

5. What were the two most interesting things about doing this lab?

These labs are so fun and it is amazing how you can do them on the

computer and understand them. It was interesting because doctors

really do use leeches for medical treatment.

6. Anything you found confusing or didn't like about the lab?

No, I found this lab fun and interesting. Nothing was confusing

at all.

Model of a human limb Unit 3

This is a picture of the human arm using a flour and water mixture. The red on the picture is the biceps brachii contracted and the triceps brachii relaxed. It also shows the humerus, radius, ulna, and the hinge joint.

This is a picture of the arm with it's muscles which is the red stuff. I used a mixture of flour and water to make the bones of the arm and red cloth to make the muscles.

Resting potential occurs when a neuron is not conducting a nerve impulse. More Na+ outside the axon and more K+ inside the axon causes polarization. To make this I used shoelaces, round cereals, and a marker.

Action potential ends repolarization occurs when K+ gates open and K+ moves to outside the axon. To make this I used shoelaces, some round cereals, and a marker.

Action potential begins depolarization occurs when Na+ gates open and Na+ moves to inside the axon. To make this I used shoelaces, some little round cereals, and a marker.

When an axon is unmyelinated the action potential at one locale stimulates an adjacent part of the axon's membrane to produce an action potential. In myelinated axons an action potential at one Ranvier node causes an action potential at the next node. I used shoelaces and staples to make this part.

This is a picture of a motor neuron. A motor neuron has a long axon covered by a myelin sheath that takes nerve impulses from the CNS to an effector. These parts are cell body, axon, node of Ranvier, axon terminal, and dendrite. To make this I used a lid, some beads, and shoelace.

From this lab I learned how muscles and bones and tendons and ligments all have to work together to make things bend and have movement. It is not just one thing that works. Muscles and bones are very strong and work together well and we could not function without them.

Compendium Review for Unit 4

9 months of pregnancy. 8 months 7 months 6 months
The baby is crouded and
usually head down.

5 months

4 months

3 months

2 months

This is at one month of pregnancy.

Embryonic development begins with the second week and lasts until the end of the second month of development. At the end of the first week the embryo usually begins the process of implanting itself in the wall of the uterus. The embryo is now the size of the period at the end of this sentence. As the week progresses the inner cell mass becomes the embryonic disk and two more extraembryonic membranes form. The yolk sac is the first site of blood cell formation. The amniotic cavity surrounds the embryo as it develops. At the third week two important organ systems make their appearance. The nervous system is the first organ system to be visually evident. A thickening appears along the entire posterior length of the embryo and then invagination occurs as neural folds appear. When the neural folds meet at the midline the neural tube which later develops into the brain and the spinal cord is formed. Development of the heart begins in the third week and continues into the fourth week. At four and five weeks a body stalk connects the embryo to the chorion which has treelike projections called chorionic villi. Once this process is complete the umbilical cord which connects the developing embryo to the placenta is fully formed. During the sixth through eight weeks of development the embryo changes to a form that is easily recognized as a human being. At the end of this period the embryo is about 38mm long and weighs no more than an aspirin tablet even though all organ systems have been established. At the third month the uterus is the size of a grapefruit. The fourth month fetal movement is felt by the mother. The fifth month the uterus reaches up to level of umbilicus and pregnancy is obvious. The sixth month the doctor can tell where the head is. The seventh month uterus reaches halfway between umbilicus and rib cage. The eighth month weight gain is about a pound a week. The ninth month sleeping becomes difficult and uterus is up to rib cage causing shortness of breath and heartburn.

There are many types of birth control. For example the birth control pill is a pill that you take orally at the same time everyday. There is an intrauterine device which is a small piece of molded plastic that is inserted into the uterus by a physician. These are believed to alter the environment of the uterus and oviducts so that fertilization probably will not occur but if it does occur implantation cannot take place. A diaphragm is a soft latex cup with a flexible rim that lodges behind the pubic bone and fits over the cervix. Each woman must be properly fitted by a physician. A female condom consists of a large polyurethane tube with a flexible ring that fits onto the cervix. A male condom is a latex sheath that fits over the erect penis. The ejaculate is trapped inside the sheath and does not enter the vagina. There are also vaccines that can be given as birth control.

This is pictures of birth control pills for a month and the vaginal ring and patch which are also means of birth control for women. Some birth control methods protect against std's but not all std's. They are mostly used as a means to not get pregnant.

The female gonads are paired ovaries that lie in shallow depressions one on each side of the upper pelvic cavity. The ovaries produce eggs and the female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone. The oviducts extend from the uterus to the ovaries. They have finger like projections called fimbriae that sweep over the ovaries. When an egg bursts from an ovary during ovulation it usually is swept into an oviduct by the combined action of the fimbriae and the beating of cilia that line the oviducts. Once in the oviduct the egg is propelled slowly by ciliary movement and tubular muscle contraction toward the uterus. An egg lives approximately only 6-24 hours unless fertilization occurs. Fertizilation formation usually takes place in the oviduct. A developing embryo normally arrives at the uterus after several days and then implantation occurs and the embryo embeds in the uterine lining which has been prepared to recieve it. The uterus is a thick walled muscular organ about the size and shape of an inverted pear. It lies above and is tipped over the urinary bladder. The oviducts join the uterus at its upper end while at its lower end the cervix enters the vagina nearly at a right angle. The vagina is a tube that lies at a 45degree angle to the small of the back. The mucosal lining of the vagina lies in folds and can extend. This is specially important when the vagina serves as the birth canal and it facilitates sexual intercourse when the vagina recieves the penis. The vagina also acts as an exit for menstrual flow. Which is also called a period.

The male gonads or primary sex organs are paired testes which are suspended within the sacs of the scrotum. Sperm produced by rhe testes mature within the epididymis which is a tightly coiled duct lying just outside each testis. Maturation seems to be required in order for sperm to swim to the egg. When sperm leave an epididymis they enter a vas deferens where they may also be stored for a time. Each vas deferens passes into the abdominal cavity where it curves around the bladder and empties into an ejaculatory duct. The ejaculatory ducts enter the urethra. At the time of ejaculation sperm leave the penis in a fluid called semen. The seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands add secrections to seminal fluid. The pair of seminal vesicles lie at the base of the bladder and each has a duct that joins with a vas deferens. The prostate gland is a single donut shaped gland that surrounds the upper portion of the urethra just below the bladder. Bulbourethral glands are pea sized organs that lie posterior to the prostate on either side of the urethra. Their secretion makes the seminal fluid gelatinous. Each component of seminal fluid seems to have a particular function. Sperm are more viable in a basic solution and seminal fluid which is milky in appearance has a slightly basic pH. Swimming sperm require energy and serves as an energy source. Semen also contains prostaglandins chemicals that cause the uterus to contract. Some investigators believe that uterine contractions help propel the sperm toward the egg. The penis is the male organ of sexual intercourse. The penis has a long shaft and an enlarged tip calledthe glans penis. The glans penis is normally covered by a layer of skin called the foreskin. Spongy erectile tissue conyaining distensible blood spaces extends through the shaft of the penis. During sexual arousal autonomic nerves release nitric oxide. This stimulus leads to the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate which causes the smooth muscle of incoming arterial walls to relax and the erectile tissue to fill with blood. The veins that take blood away from the penis are compressed and the penis becomes erect.

The human life cycle has two types of cell divisions- mitosis in which the chromosome number stays constant and meiosis in which the chromosome number is reduced. During growth or cell repair mitosis ensures that each new cell has 46 chrosomes. During production of sex cells the chrosome number is reduced from 46 to 23. Therefore an egg and a sperm each have 23 chrosomes so that when the sperm fertilizes the egg the new cell called a zygote has 46 chrosomes. The first cell of a new human being is called the zygote. Because a sperm has 23 chrosomes and the egg has 23 chrosomes the zygote has 46 chrosomes altogether. Without meiosis the chrosome number in each generation of human beings would double and the cells would no longer be able to function.